element, one stable isotope form is much more rare than the other. The stable isotopic composition of a material is expressed as a ratio (R) between these two forms. For example..., stable isotope ratios are expressed as: = (Rsample/Rstandard 1) * 1000Stable isotope ratios are expressed in (read per mil ) or parts per thousand. Ratios are often referred... Submission/pricingPackaging samplesSubmitting samplesSample preparationsPricingGIS maps Contact us IsoForensics Inc. Serving industry's need for stable isotope analysis For each...

isotopes. Ocean water is the largest body of water on the planet and has a defined stable isotope ratio of 0 for both H and O. As water vapor forms over the oceans, the mass... studiesPublications Submission/pricingPackaging samplesSubmitting samplesSample preparationsPricingGIS maps Contact us IsoForensics Inc. Serving industry's need for stable isotope analysis... Hydrogen and oxygen fractionation in the water cycleHydrogen atoms occur in two stable isotope forms, a common light form (1H) and a rare heavy form (2H). The element oxygen (O) also...

spectrometerThe stable isotope composition of a sample is measured using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). Samples are introduced to the IRMS as a gas and bombarded.... A diagram of the process is shown below. A schematic of a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer. In this example, detectors are collecting the different ions of CO2 gas (masses..., and sulfur stable isotope ratios in both organic and inorganic materials. Please contact us at info@isoforensics.com for more specific information on the types of analysis we...

and the trophic level effectNitrogen stable isotope ratios are enriched from diet to organism approximately 3 per trophic step or trophic level (see figure, below). The enrichment... studiesPublications Submission/pricingPackaging samplesSubmitting samplesSample preparationsPricingGIS maps Contact us IsoForensics Inc. Serving industry's need for stable isotope analysis Nitrogen...N isotope variations Home Analysis services Interpretation servicesIs it authentic?Where is it from? Isotope tutorialIsotope abundancesMass spectrometerDelta notationNatural...

studiesPublications Submission/pricingPackaging samplesSubmitting samplesSample preparationsPricingGIS maps Contact us IsoForensics Inc. Serving industry's need for stable isotope analysis Isotopic... fractionation of carbon during photosynthesisThe carbon atom in CO2 has two stable isotope forms, the common lighter 12C and rare heavier 13C. Plants assimilate atmospheric CO2... common, used by approximately 85% of plants worldwide. Many major crops (e.g., cotton, rye, and wheat) are C3 plants. In general, the carbon isotope ratios of C3 plants are -30 to -22...